When a male Boreal Owl visits its nest, it doesn鈥檛 linger long. The hunter arrives in the dead of night to deliver prey to its mate and chicks, then immediately flies away to start the ritual again.
In 2012 , an ecologist at the Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CULS), set out to catch these fleeting moments in detail with her colleagues. The birds are endangered in the Czech Republic, and learning more about their eating and breeding habits and how environmental factors affect these activities could help the researchers determine how to protect them. But because the raptors are nocturnal, little is known about their lives. 鈥淚t鈥檚 very difficult to follow such a species,鈥 Z谩rybnick谩 says.
So her team developed a clever solution: the , a wooden contraption (covered with slippery aluminum plates to thwart pine martens) that furtively films its tenants. Once an owl breaches the infrared light beam at the entrance, it takes just 16 milliseconds for one camera to start recording the door, then another to kick in and document the action on the box鈥檚 floor. The researchers also installed a microphone, temperature sensors, and a radio-frequency ID reader to log tagged birds.
After months of finessing, the team in the Czech Republic鈥檚 Ore Mountains in 2014. The videos they鈥檙e recording (see montage above) open up a window into the quirks of Boreal Owl parenting. For instance, the footage shows that male birds always place prey directly in the female鈥檚 or nestling鈥檚 beak rather than tossing it on the floor. When the young birds are ready to fly, the male sometimes appears with food, but then departs without giving it to them, probably to encourage the fledglings to leave their home.
Occasionally, the female accepts the male鈥檚 prey, then exits the nest to enjoy a meal alone. 鈥淪he wanted some calm place where she could eat it,鈥 speculates team member Ji艡铆 艩indel谩艡, a biologist at CULS. The female is particular in other ways as well: She will arrange dead mice and voles in neat rows, placing the heads in the corners of the box. And on colder days, she鈥檒l spend more time sitting on the eggs to keep them toasty. Collecting this basic, yet fascinating, information could allow scientists to pinpoint abnormal adult behaviors and diagnose problems such as scarce food, Z谩rybnick谩 says.
While the idea of gathering video or environmental data from nest boxes isn鈥檛 new, the Czech technology is novel in its integration of several sensors, says Charles Eldermire, project leader at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, who was not involved in the research. This makes it easier to investigate how environmental factors such as temperature affect the owlets鈥 lives.
And the box has as-yet-untapped potential: Z谩rybnick谩 believes it can be used as a tool to educate students, entertain hospital patients, and between science and the public. In 2012, while she was on maternity leave, a few parents questioned her on why she studied owls; Smart Nest Boxes could be the way to bring more light to bird research, she thought. So Z谩rybnick谩's crew began setting up more of them, mainly at schools and private homes. Since 2016 more than 30 boxes have gone up around the Czech Republic and neighboring Poland to record owls and backyard birds. The result is a treasure trove of more than 300,000 videos, available online at .
The clips, which are viewed in local classrooms, play like a of the daily dramas of avian families. In one scene, a European Starling spruces up a bed of grass with a buttercup; in another, a Eurasian Blue Tit removes a fecal pellet from a nestling鈥檚 bottom. More somber glimpses reveal Great Tit chicks succumbing to parasitic mites, and a pine marten wriggling into a Boreal Owl nest to gobble up the eggs.
The videos inspired some young viewers to write and illustrate 鈥渂ird books,鈥 including a story of a Great Tit named Petr who organized a pentathlon for females to compete for his affection. And one biology teacher noted that the project was a useful way to demonstrate nature to students through enriching lessons. 鈥淭his is one possibility to show real life,鈥 Zden臎k Borna says.
Z谩rybnick谩鈥檚 team wants to debut the Smart Nest Box in the United States by 2018. They also plan to use it for more research: to compare Boreal Owl behavior in different habitats and analyze how light pollution affects songbird routines. One thing鈥檚 for sure . . . with the camera constantly rolling, there will always be fresh enigmas to explore.