Two hundred and thirty million: that鈥檚 the number of seabirds we鈥檝e lost between 1950 and 2010 because of human-related hazards鈥70 percent of global populations鈥攁ccording to a by researchers at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. Such steep declines are bad news for birds鈥攁nd the entire marine ecosystem. 鈥淪eabirds play an important role in the food web because they鈥檙e predators and they鈥檙e also prey, so their removal would influence the structure and function of the food web,鈥 says Michelle Paleczny, a master鈥檚 student and lead co-author on the paper. 鈥淭heir guano also essentially fertilizes the nearby coastal environment and the food webs there.鈥
As conservationists work to save seabirds from an onslaught of threats that include overfishing, bycatch, and pollution, a number of new innovations are coming online to help. Here are five of the latest:
Streamer Scare
For birds, trailing longlines must seem like a never-ending seafood buffet. But frequently seabirds get caught on hooks and drown, before they can make off with a pilfered fish. One biologist came up with an easy solution to keep the fish鈥攏ot the birds鈥攐n the hook. Edward Melvin from the Washington Sea Grant designed a line trimmed with neon orange streamers that could be suspended from the boat鈥檚 mast to hang directly above the fishing lines. In field tests, birds trying to dive for fresh-caught fish were startled by the fluttering streamers and avoided the boat. The design cuts out seabird bycatch almost completely. It鈥檚 been used in fisheries off the coasts of South Africa and Alaska.
One Fish, Two Fish
Fishing nets pick up loads of unwanted catch鈥攏early of it each year to be exact. Trawl fisheries are one of the biggest offenders, with long narrow nets dragging along the seafloor, raking up everything in their path. To solve this problem, a team of researchers based at Germany鈥檚 Th眉nen Institute for Baltic Sea Fisheries have tailored a trawl net that . Called the Freswind, it allows unwanted flatfish鈥攕pecies like European halibut, plaice, and sole鈥攖o slip through horizontal gaps that match their shape and swimming behaviour. Meanwhile the desired fish鈥攔ounder species like cod and hake that can鈥檛 wriggle through these slim windows鈥攔emain trapped in the net. Field tests have shown the Freswind reduces flatfish bycatch .
In the Clear
can lay waste to the that seabirds rely on for food. So last year, a team of Norwegian researchers designed the a device that blasts a mini trawl net into a giant dragnet. The trawl grabs a representative sample of the fish in the area of the larger net, giving fishermen a peek at what they鈥檙e about to haul in. If the sample includes a ton of non-target fish, protected species, or fish that are too small to legally be caught, the fishermen know to release their catch and begin again. Ultimately, this prevents overfishing and leaves vital types of fish where they should be: in the ocean for birds and other marine animals to eat. Currently, the researchers are testing their cannon on fisheries in Norway and Peru.
Something Borrowed, Something New
Melt down a pile of bird-killing monofilament fishing lines and what do you get? Kid鈥檚 stuff, like tackle boxes and toys. Conservation groups such as are encouraging fishers to recycle their lines. Along North American coasts, the in Florida has established dedicated recycling bins for nets and lines, and the Golden Gate 约炮视频 Society has installed receptacles in the . Meanwhile, internationally, an organization called is working with communities in developing coastal nations to gather plastic nets, which they then sell to a company that converts the nylon fibers into carpet tiles.
Lights, Loud Sounds, Action
The was designed with tech-savvy fisherman in mind. Developed by a marine biologist and a product manager from the Netherlands and endorsed by the World Wildlife Funds's , the system, which can be mounted on deck, shoots out a (safe) green laser beam that darts across the waves and discourages birds from coming too close. It鈥檚 accompanied by a loud soundtrack specially engineered by marine biologists to startle birds. The technology can be used on both trawling and longline boats to stop birds from getting entangled in nets or snagged by hooks. Released in 2014, the SeabirdSaver is already lighting up the seas in Norway, Russia, Iceland, Australia, and the United States.